How does free will exist if Allah knows everything?
In both the Ash‘ari and Maturidi schools of Islamic theology (Aqidah), the question of human responsibility despite Allah’s complete knowledge is addressed with a balance between divine knowledge, will, and human free will.
Allah's Knowledge Does Not Compel Our Actions
Ash‘ari view:
Allah’s knowledge is eternal and encompasses everything, including all past, present, and future events.
However, Allah’s *knowing* what we will do does not force us to do it. Knowledge is not causation.
Example: If a teacher knows a student will fail due to lack of study, the student still chose not to study. The teacher’s knowledge didn’t cause the failure.
Maturidi view:
- Similarly, Allah knows what humans will choose, but this knowledge does not make the choice happen.
- The action is still our own and we are responsible for it.
Human Free Will and Power
Ash‘ari view:
Allah creates all actions, but humans acquire them (kasb). This means humans make a real choice, but Allah creates the action.
We are responsible because we intended and chose the action, even if Allah created it.
Maturidi:
Humans have a real capacity and power to choose and act within the bounds set by Allah.
So, the Maturidis emphasize human responsibility more clearly, while still affirming Allah’s full knowledge and will.
Justice of Allah
Both schools believe:
Allah is Just and Wise.
He does not punish anyone without giving them the ability to choose and the opportunity to know right from wrong.
Since humans are given intellect and will, they are held accountable.
Conclusion
Allah knows what we will do, but He does not force us to do it.
We choose our actions, and Allah creates them.
Because of our choice and intention, we are responsible.
Written by Meurad Osman
April 21, 2025
Study Hanbali, Ashari, & Maturidi aqida at Arkview.org